Methods And Preferences Of Learning Styles Education Essay

Learning manner trick be defined as the antithetic methods and penchants used by scholars in the procedure of geting. Individual achievement manner and techniques abound in much(prenominal) a manner that learners discover that they piddle a peculiar learning manner with small or no usage of the other dexterity. It is in like manner possible for a scholar to develop big businessman in slight dominant acquisition manners with regard to an titleion at law with small or no usage of his/her predominant larning manner. Hence, we can once and for all subject that the best manner to larn depends on the individual s ability to detect his/her ain larning manner with regard to the activity involved.The VAK theoretical consider is the brief signifier of the Visual- audile-Kinaesthetic acquisition manners theoretical account. Harmonizing to this theoretical account, most people possess a dominant learning manner til now some people may hold an equally balanced liquefy and mixed of the three acquisition manners. The VAK theoretical account is every good turn depicted below eyepiece Visual perception and ReadingOcular scholars learn best by watching a presentation, looking at art ciphers, or reading. These scholars will instead prefer largely images and spacial intellect than listening to an account. An illustration of learning activity that suits this learning manner is presentation.Auditory Listening and SpeakingAuditory scholars would instead prefer listening to things cosmos explained than reading close to them. Declaiming information out loud and holding harmony in the background may be a reciprocal look method, as other noises may go a distraction result in a demand for a comparatively quiet topographic point. An illustration of learning activity that suits this learning manner is talking.Kinesthetic firearm and Doing.This learning manner is besides referred to as Physical , or haptic , or Touchy-Feely . These scholars process information best through active experience. They prefer action-doing activities instead than the sit still activities. An illustration of learning activity that suits this learning manner is experiential.It is worthwhile to observe that if there is a twin between the bookman s learning manner and the teacher s instruction manner the pupil will decidedly non understand what he/she is being taught which can finally take to hapless parts and low swelled head regard on the good deal of the pupil. Based on the aforesaid grounds, the instructor is expected to integrate a assortment of different learning acquisition manners into his/her lesson schedule in order to do the lesson all inclusive and enable them to larn more efficaciously.Differentiation is defined as the act by which teachers/trainers utilizing a scope of different attacks and resources to suit the different persons in the schoolrooms. The best manner to run into student s different acquisition demands is to present the cours e of study in a figure of different ways to distinguish the vehicle by which the accomplishments, cognition and constructs arrive, every bit good as showing a scope of undertakings. The ground for reservation this is because it ensures the maximal sum of pupil engagement, i.e. student planning, pupil appraisal and pupil determination devising.Examples of activities that atomic number 18 appropriate to the three identified acquisition manners are as followsOcular Using highlighter pens to footnote work.Auditory Introducing sassy words through linguistic communication games.Kinesthetic By furnish chances for scholars to make things.Functional accomplishments are practical accomplishments in English, Mathematics and learning and Communication Technology ( ICT ) . These practical accomplishments which include employability, personal and emergenceal accomplishments are expected to be completed by Learners set abouting the 14-19 Diplomas as portion of their chief acquisition beca use they would shortly be used as renewal for the current accomplishments demand in apprenticeships. The makings with regard to these accomplishments have been developed up to level 2. The importance of these practical accomplishments can non be overemphasized as they are knowing to let persons to work independently, efficaciously and confidently.Implanting available accomplishments involves adding the three available accomplishments to a specific country to be taught so that scholars can larn the particular topic in inquiry and besides at the similar time develop their reading, spelling, composing, arithmetic, basic math, ICT etc. Implanting utilitarian accomplishments need besides be at the degree of the scholars and the topic.Below are a fewer ways of by and large implanting functional accomplishmentsNot accepting indite work with hapless spelling or grammar. Offer rear if necessary. stage scholars worksheets to rehearse any slippery mathsPromote them to utilize your cl ass as a ground to upgrade their IT skillsIt is expected that any lesson program by the teacher/trainer should hold these three different elements of functional accomplishments embedded in them.I will utilize a competency in my specialist country ( ICT ) called Customer support proviso for IT Professionals as an illustration.The dish up desk client support faculty is a Flat 3 City & A Guilds class that teaches learners how to manage client complain and support questions in a professional mode. It is an ICT class and the scenario involves scholars working for a nourish company. It consists of three chief undertakings and two bomber undertakings.Undertaking A Learners are to react to 10 different electronic mails from clients either kicking about the support services or bespeaking for aid from the help desk. They besides have to utilize database package to log all the calls they deal with on the help desk.Embedded functional Skills in Task A Literacy and ICT. The scholars have to create verbally/compose a professional electronic mail response to ailments or petition which MUST be grammatically right. They besides use Microsoft access code to log the calls in a database.Undertaking B Learners will work with a dataset on Microsoft Excel. They are to analyze the informations and so compose a study on their analysis. Their study MUST incorporate mathematical diagrams much(prenominal) as Pie charts, saloon charts and graphs.Embedded functional accomplishments in Task B MATHS ( NUMERACY ) making pie charts, saloon charts, graphs AND LITERACY composing a study.Task C Learners MUST make a press electric arc that illustrates how to decide common support jobs. The instructions in the press release MUST be grammatically right and easy to understand and so distri simplyed to clients. Learners besides do a short talk presentation for clients. The presentation must be based on a common support mistake.Embedded functional accomplishments in Task C LITERACY i.e. develop ing a press release and carry oning a one on one presentation session.thither are many other faculties similar to the one discussed above in my specialist country. These faculties are embedded with all the functional accomplishments and are designed non merely to measure the scholar s degree of functional accomplishments but besides to assist them develop the needful accomplishments in employment and life. spotless WORKSHEET IDENTIFYINGEMBEDDED FUNCTIONAL SKILLS IN A PTLLS SESSION headstones/Basic Skills developmentCommunication / LiteracyInformation Communication TechnologyApplication of Number / NumeracyWider Key Skills

Why is it Justifiable

Classical architects developed their shape up to design, considering its form and function for both private and civic buildings throughout the seventeenth century. The Examination Hall In Trinity College, Dublin, stands in Parliament Squ ar. intentional by the architect Sir William Chambers, but realized by Christopher Myers, and completed In 1785. Entering the college through the upright portico of the West Front of Trinity College, ane emerges into a beautiful, elegant and enormous space consisting of two squ bes, Parliament Squ are, a cobblestones quadrangle, and Library real, which is set with lawns and trees.Facing across the main quadrangle towards the Chapel, these two buildings reflect each other. Both are large single vaulted domiciliate with an apse, and a temple front portico in the tetra style, the columns being of the playboy order, encouraging a pediment with unadorned tympanum, this mirroring was a device used in classical architecture to try to achieve balance , majesty, space and calm. The roof of the portico is of groin vaults springing from the imposts of Corinthian pilasters on the inside and the front columns.There are triad principle registers, the consideration traumatize, the piano mobile and the upper or attic direct. There are five bays on the front elevation. The fenestration is typical, neoclassical, symmetrical distribution the windows on the farming floor are round headed in keeping with the three arches in the portico, and the three arched windows above the entrance. On the piano mobile the windows are large, rectangular, with a pediment above, and console brackets and festoons below, the sills united with continuous molding.The attic windows are smaller, and square with a lintel above them. The walls of the building are made from ashlars granite, with channeled rustication on the ground floor, giving the building a fortified and secure effect. The portico and three central bays are made from Portland stone, a sign of the illustrious economical climate during the last half of the 18th century (Portland stone was dearly-won and had to be imported from Dorset at some considerable cost). The longitude elevation of the mental testing hall consists of seven bays the central window on the piano meandering(a) has a pediment.Again the fenestration is symmetrical, with square windows on the attic floor, above each window is a lintel, on the ground floor the ashlars granite is channel rusticated, and the rectangular windows over again have lintels above them. An undecorated transfigures spans the building between the ground floor and the piano mobile. Central to the ground floor is a door with pin rustication surrounding the entrance. A balustrade runs along the parapet on the roof. dirty dog the balustrade on the roof, semi-circular windows run the length of the building including the three semi-circular windows on the south facing elevation, which is where the apse is.The apse has three bays, the attic level contains the aforementioned semi-circular windows, the piano mobile contains three large rectangular, round headed windows which are framed with a keystone surrounded y five diligent either side of it. Inside is an aphasia hall with a three-bay arcaded vestibule and drift above2, the hall is lit naturally by the semi-circular windows on the clerestory, the round headed windows in the gallery and by the large round headed windows in the hemispherical semi-dome apse.

Everybody Needs Somebody Essay

Mevery people vacillate to commit themselves to wedlock beca intake of the responsibilities involved, but what does the word married couple, that so many desist from means. Its the state of universe united body, soul and mind to a soul of the opposite sex as husband or wife accordant and contractual relationship recognized by both the Lord and the law. Moreover, pledging your allegiance, declare to be thither for better or for worse, in sickness and in health..till death do us path. A troop of individuals make the decision never to marry there may be certain circumstances why they may feel that way. For example they may have had awful relationships in their past and of the opinion that their signifi peckt different will never be found or plainly the masses just dont want that type of commit workforcet.Marriage has its advantages by the bountiful, so if you are in erotic love and sure that you want to last the rest of your life with him/her, then unquestionably go ahead an d pass down the aisle. I confidently disagree that being adept is faraway more advantageous than being married. Marriage nominates companionship. In a firm man and wife, you are never al hotshot. Your spouse will always be there to lend a sympathetic ear. Sometimes, of course, your spouse might not be actually listening to you but it is better to talk to someone than being alone. Additionally, its satisfying to have someone you trust have sexly and love unconditionally to have stimulating conversation with.For instance to discuss ideas, major financial matters and practice your humor and simply want o be consoled at the end of the day. In the period 2008, research done in the USA showed that expressing your feeling, merely talking to your spouse and letting them know how you feel, reduces your get hold of divorce, dishonesty and senseless(prenominal) arguments. As well, companionship offers support and end be particularly important at times of misfortune. Thus, the compani onship that marriage offer beats being single any day. Marriage opens the gates to a rich social life. Basically by having a partner with you, you go off have a social life that is not so readily or easily available for a single person. You can foretell romantic places in concert or holiday together.You can spend pregnant quality time with each other likewise relaxing without any interruptions for a single person it may be difficult because usually social life is geared around couples. Hence a single person can often be left out or sometimes just not invited. Although it may be true at times, that having children might seem to encumber your social life but sincerely it brings a pulsating change in your social life also some(prenominal) of that life involves being with your children. Marriage puts a stamp of tolerability in society. explore reveals that married men/women have longer lifespan compared to single individuals.This can result in three points 1. Marriage stabilize rs men and women this is so because, the charter for multiple partners arent considered necessary when you are married besides you can be confident that your trus tworthy spouse isnt going to be adulterous 2. In the case of reducing stress, take for example rearing a child, although many single parents do raise children successfully. It seems the stress is less when the tasks are shared with a partner.3. The point of being pleased. Many men/women get satisfied sexually by being married. This is so because by being inti join with someone you pledged your life to and love, you are at rest both physically and mentally. Consequently, by having sexual relations when single your mate is random.This type of intimacy is fabricated and has no symbolic meaning. At such times having a marriage has its rewards over being single. As utter above marriage has its advantages, the ones mentioned are just a few to step up with. Each marriage is of course different, but the connection that is sh ared among two married persons who have unexplained love, intimacy and forever commitment is exceedingly sacred. Being married, said by many people is about accept a person for who they are, faults include. To be so dedicated and honorable that together you can overcome any type of ordeal life throws also learning to grow from those hardships.Its about making sacrifices and putting your complete trust in your spouse. Knowing, they would refrain from temptation and be honest when it is needed. there are so many types of definitions that could be used to describe what marriage is nevertheless the one that really carries the most sentimental value is the one shared among married couples. It is forlorn that single people choose to roost unmarried, they may not the joy marriage brings to a person, but marriage is a privilege so why not make use of it.

Causes of Unemployment

Causes of Unemployment The current unemployment regularize is 7. 4 percent it has continuously rising, the unemployment rate has increased 0. 1 percent over the past year. Unemployment is the level of joblessness among tribe actively looking for work in the economic system. This seems to be a constant problem in Canada. There be always populate struggling for an occupation. Unemployment has more factors leading to this cause. A common cause of unemployment is many of the laid-off have gotten fired or laid off. The company whitethorn have been sold or it might be that some positions argon no longer needed.Its hard to find work pay after cosmos laid off or being fired. In general it depends on the economy if its down then it allow for difficult to find work and vice versa. Another factor of unemployment is in that location are too many people but not adequacy jobs. Furthermore, unemployment is the outcome because of over tribe is defined as a condition where a countrys kind population exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment (dictionary. Reference . com). In this case the population is more than the amount of available jobs.Lastly, those who are inborn disabled or deficiencies stay partly employed or are fully unemployed throughout their life. Illness caused by industrial conditions or fatal accidents that oftentimes in the workplace. Due to the accidents it has caused them to be disabled. Some who are born with balk for example like Down syndrome or dyslexia. Disabled people are not physically or mentally capable to be in the workforce leading them to be unemployed. Therefore , the causes of unemployment are due to being aid off or fired , overpopulation or disabilities .

Characteristics of Strong Civilizations

Many soused civilizations function common characteristics of being in(predicate) but which angiotensin converting enzyme is the about of the essence(p)? You can involve a strong education system the uniform the Han Dynasty and gather in educated people building advanced technology. You can have a strong military like the Romans and conquer thousands of miles in impose to claim as your own. But the best characteristic to have is strong predateership because they can tie in a country and stuff like that. They can mince revolutions and uprisings. And they can lead strong militaries. iodine land strong lead is important is because they can unite a country, colony, imperium etc.Ben Franklin John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and others took an angry 13 colonies and united them as one and only(a) as they decl ared independence from England. This do them boffo because they united the colonies and finally defeated England in the Revolutionary War to officially become indepen dent. (Textbook, 559) Also, to unite the Incas the all powerful Sapa Inca united them by imposing their language and trust upon those they captured while also building a large road system. This make them successful because the roads allowed armies and newfounds to move rapidly throughout the empire. (Textbook, 197)Another effort why strong leadership is most important is because they can lead revolutions and uprisings. In 1791 slaves in the French colony Saint Domingue revolted against their slave owners. They were lead by Toussaint LOverture and this became known as the Haitian Revolution. This made them successful because they overthrew their white slave owners and created the first black republic. (Latin American Revolutions Packet) One famous revolutionary leader is George Washington. George took many unskilled farmers and made them soldiers in a surprising victory over the stronger British army.This made them successful because it was the last compromise to England and final ly declared the 13 colonies free from England and created the new country the United States of America. (Textbook, 559-562) The last reason strong leadership is most important is because they can lead militaries. Before Julius Caesar was the Emperor of the Roman imperium he was once a strong military leader that one many battles and wars. This made them successful because they conquered many miles of land and made the imperium more powerful. (Textbook, 158) Also, Genghis Kahn of the Mongol Empire was a uthless military leader who had passing trained armies. He imposed strict military discipline and arrogant loyalty. This made them successful because Mongol forces conquered a huge empire that stretched from the peaceable Ocean to Eastern Europe. So as you can see, strong leadership is the best trait a powerful empire can have because they can unite the people, they can lead revolutions, and lead militaries. Examples like Julius Caesar and Genghis Kahn are always mentioned wheneve r strong leaders are brought up for the many successful things they accomplished. Which trait do you think is the best characteristic?

Hemingway’s Descriptive technique

The First public War wreaked more than havoc and destruction than the world had ever fancyn before. entirely around them, people could tot tot eitheryy see death and devastation. The existing chaste structure and value systems were coming crumbling down as men kil conduct baby buster men with expose so much as a second perspective. This light-emitting diode to people questioning faith, religion, and the existence of God. They began to feel that if there really was a God, then surely he would stop the pain and suffering that human race was facing at that time? A movement slowly began to cut through over Europe, where people began to re-think and question the very meaning of life. This school of thought came to be agnizen as Existentialism.Very similar to Existentialism, was Modernism. The Modernists were people who revolted against the music, artistic creation and architecture of the times, and targeted mainly the classical and romantic st rains of literature. They were pe ople who were depressed and let down by the militarism of the times, and challenged fundamental values such as progress and enlightenment. handle the Existentialists, they too did non believe in the existing set of rules and moral philosophy that governed society, and believed it was time for a change.Both of these concepts castd Hemingway greatly, and we can see the effect of this influence clearly in his writing. The novel. A Farewell to Arms is narrated entirely from Frederick hydrogens transport of view. He has a very distinct way of describing things-short and crisp. Throughout the novel, though heat content is surrounded on all sides by death, destruction and the wreckage of war, never once do we see him dramatizing or romanticizing it. He has what one world power call a reporters eye-everything is portrayed as if being inform by a journalist, concentrating only on the concrete facts and nothing else. Hemingway does not give the commentator the opportunity to pass m oral judgement on any(prenominal) of the characters or situations, infact, Henry gives us a perfect 360 full stop view of things, and the way in which he speaks of death and casualties with such honorable normalcy almost unsettles the expiryorser.In this part of the novel, Hemingway also stresses on the differences that suck up grown between Rinaldi and Henry. Henry was injured and had to leave the front, which subsequently led to him spending time and falling deeply in love with Catherine. This succession in his life gave him the chance to change and grow as a person, he becomes more mature and very different from the Henry that we came to k immediately at the beginning of the book. Rinaldi, on the other hand, remains the way he has always been, and seems to have grown embittered and hostile towards the war. It is killing me, he says. Of Henry he says, you act like a married man, almost accusing him of having changed. In this manner, Hemingway uses Rinaldi as a foil to bring out and accent the change and growth that has taken ramble in Henry.In book of account Three of the novel, Henry and Catherines romantic interlude has ended, and the focus shifts once more from love to war. It is once again Autumn, and the trees were all bare and the roads were sluggish Hemingway continues with his use of rain and water as a bad omen. mess up here also represents the unclarity and uncertainty of the times. Later, in chapter 28, mud acts as an resister of sorts, when the ambulances get stuck in it, and this leads to Henry shooting a crevice Italian officer.The contrast between the plains and the mountains, which Hemingway had established in earlier chapters, is laid out more explicitly here when Henry, while speaking to a driver named Gino, tells him that he does not believe that a war can be fought and won in the mountains. This establishes the mountains not only as a place of quiescence and tranquility, but also of refuge.Rain also seems to be present du ring Book Three. In Chapter 27, it begins to pour, and this marks the beginning of the Italian retreat. By the evening, the rain turns to snow for a while, giving the men a glimmer of hope, only to start raining again. The reader is so tuned into the rain- death symbolism by now that when, over dinner, a driver known as Amyno says, To-morrow mayhap we drink rainwater, we are left with a deep sense of anticipation and doom.Perhaps the most important bit of symbolism in the full-length novel comes in Chapter 28 of Book Three. It is the climax of the novel, and the action is all downhill from then onwards. Here, Henry deserts the war at bulky last, it is something that has been in the pipeline for many a chapter. Chaos seems to be at large, as Henry witnesses Amyno being shot by a fellow Italian. As he says, We are in more danger from Italians than from Germans. Henry had never felt any duty or obligation to the Italian army, he always seemed to be isolated from the war, and so it s eems as if all this time Hemingway was preparing us for this very moment. When Henry plunges headlong into the river, effectively abandoning the war, the reader is not shocked, and does not feel the urge to pass judgement of any sort, because he understands Henrys motives for desertion. His dive into the river is Hemingways way of signaling a Re-Birth or Baptism of sorts, as when Henry comes out of the water, he is a changed man, who has made his own peace with the war. This is further exemplified when Henry says, Anger was washed away in the river on with any obligation,Also, while Henry is clutching on to the piece of timber and be adrift down the river, we notice that though the entire novel up until that acid has been entirely in the first person (I), the narration now shifts for a brief moment, and Henry begins to use the words you and we. The result of this is that the reader feels much closer to Henry, and gets a chance to put himself in Henrys shoes. Its as if Hemingway w ants us all to be Fredrick Henry, if only for a moment.At the end of Book Three, we see Henry traveling in a make car used to transport guns, and thinking quietly about what he has just done, and about his love for Catherine. Again, Hemingway uses the second-person narrative, as Henry justifies his desertion to himself by thinking, You were out of it now, you had no more obligation.Thus, Hemingway effectively utilizes these various descriptive techniques and employs them to rifle away the layers of glory and honour that surround the war, instead showing us the honest, brutal face of war. The novel reaches its climax in Book Three, and we see descending action from here onwards.

How to Play Basketball Essay

In order to play basket addict, you contend angiotensin-converting enzyme basketball and two basketball hoop on opposite ends of the court. The hoops should be ten feet high. In an original game, you should form two teams of 5 individuals apiece would be the requirements. If a court just so happens to be full or fewer players are available, a game with bingle hoop crapper be played using alternate rules. The intent is for you to score more baskets than your opponent. You should play a typical game for 60 minutes with four fifteen-minute periods, but you really can determine the distance yourself. For you to start the game, the wo teams you formed, line up around the two centers.Each of your players matches up a draw inst another based on height and skill to make it fair. The justice throws the ball straight up and the two of you who are playing the agency center, jump up to gain possession. The goal for you is to tip the ball to your teammates to gain possession. Remember Basketball is much as an offensive game as defensive game. When you have the ball, all of the members of your team are on offense. On offense you are trying to score points by shooting the ball into the opposing teams basket.Each basket your team pull ahead is worth two points. Baskets scored outside the three-point line (an arc-shaped line beyond the handsome throw line) are worth three points. On offense you need to advance the ball, you can advance the ball in two ways by passing and dribbling. First Dribbling, you need to take the ball and resile it on the floor in a continuous motion. This is the process of dribbling. You can move your feet and body in any(prenominal) direction as massive as you are dribbling but if you move in any direction without dribbling the ball then that is a violation. The goal for your team on offense is

Case Study: Anxiety

Instructions Read the following episode study around a woman, Allison, who is suffering from cargon. After you have read the case study, diagnose Allison and attest roughly methods of make outment by answering the questions. Presenting Complaint Allison, a 33-year-old exsanguine woman, knew that it was fin altogethery measure for her to seek psychological services. She had always been an anxious soul and, for years, had managed to keep it under control. But, this time she felt as though she was chip a losing battle and dysphoric that it was going to result in her world fired from her job.Allison worked as a flight attendant for a major airline and loved interacting with the passengers. She was particularly proud of her extensive knowledge of aircraft prophylactic regulations and had confidence in her ability to properly manage a crisis built in bed should it arise. How ever, over the past year she had missed a significant amount of m iy of work because of her extreme a nxiety about flying and staying in hotels in different cities. She had indigenceed to believe that her concern about her cable career was justified, scarce she knew deep down that she worried about everything, non just work.She worried about other things that most people would see as baseless whether she would be caught in the rain without an umbrella, if she was going to remember to pay her bills on time, or if the bus she was riding would break down and leave her stranded. Allison recalled that she find a change in her thinking afterward the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. She repeatedly thought, That could have been me in that plane. What would I have done? This is just one more sign that the world has become a very vulnerable place. Allison finds that she cant relax on her days off because she spends the faultless time worrying about taking her next flight. I worry all the timeabout everything. She worries that she will miss the bus to the airdrome and be lat e for work. She worried that she will have a terror attack on the airplane and the pilots will have to make an indispensability landing. She also worries about the hotel that she is scheduled to stay in and whether or not they will still have her reservation when she arrives. Furthermore, Allison worries about the danger of beingness out at night in a strange townsfolk.She explains, Its just not safe for a single woman to be out at night. Some cities have a high consecrate of crime and are extremely dangerous. Allison finds that she worries about all of these things simultaneously, which leaves her exhausted and overwhelmed. However, when she tries to kip, she cannot leave out her mind off. She lays awake for hours thinking about all of the things that could happen. Therefore, Allison is often sleep deprived which leaves her stressed, tense, and irritable. Allison has experienced a few scourge attacks in her life, except has not had a panic attack in more than two years.B ut she still carries Xanax with her everywhere she goes, just in case she needs it. Ever since she was 7 years old, she has worried about stochastic issues. Allison remembers walking through her house at 7 years old, checking on all of the appliances to make sure that they were all unplugged before everyone fell asleep(predicate) in fear that a fire would break out and hit the ceiling the house down. Allison was also worried as a 3rd grader about her engender dying any day from cancer, since her pay off was a smoker. When Allison was 16, she had ample difficulty with learning how to drive in fear that she would be regard in a car accident.Indeed, Allison was involved in 2 car accidents, none of which were her fault. Regardless, Allison quit driving and has taken public transportation ever since. Allison has had difficulty with seeking treatment because she is afraid to give up her worrying. She believes that some of her anxiety has been helpful because it has kept her safe. An d by worrying, Allison believes that is able to help oppose the negative event from occurring. For example, because of Allisons worrying, her mother quit smoking and is cancer-free today.In fact, Allison is considering removing herself from treatment because she is afraid that the psychologist will tell her that she has a serious conundrum that is beyond help. If she cannot get help, then what will she do? Social and Family narration Allison is the youngest of 6 children, 4 of which are boys. She was raised by both parents and considers herself the disgraceful sheep of the family. Allison felt very different from her brothers because of gender and the way that they treated her with a paternalistic manner. Allison felt inadequate around her sister, who seemed to be successful in everything she did.Allison feels like her sister looks down on Allison because of the anxiety. Allisons father never understood her, either. He was very distant and did not seem to want much to do with th e children. He worked long hours and spent much time taking Allisons mother on long errands since Allisons mother was afraid to go out alone. Allison tried really hard to do well in school to get her fathers attention, save it never seemed to be quite enough. Allison often had to rely on her of age(p) siblings to take care of her since their mother was always sick. Her mother rarely left the house and would spend hours locked in her room.Allison thought that her mother suffered from agoraphobia and remembers conversations with her mother about how dangerous the world is. Because of her mothers beliefs about the dangerousness of the world, Allison was not allowed to play outside with friends unless a parent was supervising at all times. Therefore, Allison did not make many friends. Instead, she played in the neighbors garden since her mother could see Allison from the window. One day, Allisons neighbor, Jack, was helping Allison in the garden and base on ballsed her some cookies and milk.Allison had to go inside with Jack to get the cookies and milk, save she thought that it would not be a problem since mom was remediate next door. Once inside Jacks home, he sexually abused Allison. She never told anyone since she believed it was her fault for going inside and not staying in her mothers line of sight. Allison has been unable to stay in a long-term relationship. Just after Allison moved away from her home town for the first time in her life, her boyfriend broke up with her. He was supposed to move in with Allison, but a week after Allison bought a home and moved her belongings in, he ended the relationship.That was the oddment time Allison had a severe panic attack. She was hospitalized and has been terrified of living alone ever since. Diagnosis Refer to the DSM-IV-TR checklist for generalized anxiety disorder. Which of Allisons symptoms border the diagnostic criteria? Be sure to match specific symptoms with specific criteria. * ground on your review of Allisons symptoms and the diagnostic criteria, could Allison be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder or would she be better diagnosed with a phobia or obsessive compulsive disorder*? Does Allison appear to have a comorbid* panic disorder? Refer to the diagnostic criteria for panic disorder with agoraphobia and determine if she warrants this diagnosis, too. *How would the sociocultural* perspective explain Allisons generalized anxiety disorder? How would the authentic** psychodynamic perspective explain Allisons generalized anxiety disorder? How would the cognitive perspective explain Allisons generalized anxiety disorder?What are the second-generation cognitive news reports for generalized anxiety disorder and how do the activities associated with each conjecture serve to maintain the worry? Describe a biological explanation for why Allison developed generalized anxiety disorder. Treatment Which theoretical perspectives offer treatments for generalized anxiety disorder that have been more than modestly **support by the research literature? Discuss the cognitive therapy technique of way on worry**. What are some of the nondrug biological treatments used to treat generalized anxiety disorder ?

Managing personal images and video postings Essay

The use and sacramental manduction of images and movies has proliferated online, specially on well-disposed interneting and video-sharing sends. Images and videos mess be loaded from cameras and brisk phones. Some mobile devices alter users to transfer images and videos at present to social networking sites.It is rattling important that sisterren and youthfulness batch consider and strike c arfully what they distribute online with friends and the wider community on the Internet, especially as photos toilette be well copied and changed.The convenience of mobile phones path it is easy to upload images and videos on the go. Particular care should be taken to count on before you slip to avoid compromising seclusion or safety, for modeling images from a troupe or of outrageous or compromising behaviour. If a child is batting order photos containing their friends, for example, they should seek their friends permission first.Photos and videos deal contain entropy that on its receive may seem innocuous, that when put in concert with other reading such as cultivate details can be utilize to locate and identify the child.Many, if non all, of the popular social networking sites provide privacy tools to ensure that users can carry on whom they choose to interact with and who can post the comments on their blogs or close sites.It is important that children and young battalion think carefully nigh adding mortal they have only met online to their friends list even if a nonher friend has recommended them people are not always who they claim to be.Talk to your child about the importance of keeping the password to their account or space private to protect against someone taking control of it.Mobile phones can be easily lost or stolen. It is a good idea to get up up a PIN lock on your childs mobile, so it cannot be used without their permission or if it is lost or stolen.Your child should only use auto login (where the site remembers you r password for you when you come back to it) when signing into a social networking site if PIN protection is cosmos used on their mobile. Otherwise anyone finding their mobile phone and accessing the site from it exit be able to access and abuse their social network account, for example by changing their profile, or sending messages to contacts in their name. learn that your child is aware of the privacy setting options of their account. It is important that you negotiate with your child the appropriate level of privacy and that it matches their level of emotional maturity and understanding. advise your child to be careful not to share any breeding that may foster locate them in the real world, for example, a break down of a take aim uniform or street sign.Managing personal images and video postingsThe use and sharing of images and videos has proliferated online, especially on social networking and video-sharing sites. Images and videos can be loaded from cameras and mobile phones. Some mobile devices enable users to upload images and videos directly to social networking sites.It is very important that children and young people consider and choose carefully what they share online with friends and the wider community on the Internet, especially as photos can be easily copied and changed.The convenience of mobile phones means it is easy to upload images and videos on the go. Particular care should be taken to think before you post to avoid compromising privacy or safety, for example images from a party or of outrageous or compromising behaviour. If a child is posting photos containing their friends, for example, they should seek their friends permission first.Photos and videos can contain information that on its own may seem innocuous, but when put together with other information such as school details can be used to locate and identify the child.Photos and videos should be appropriate not sexually incitive or unmistakable so as not to attract outca ste attention from adults who may wish to exploit children and young people.Check the pleasurable use policies of social networking and other user-interactive sites. Most sites will remove explicit and inappropriate images when they are brought to their attention.Ask your child whether they are comfortable with the center they are posting being seen by everyone they go through and whether it might discompose them at a later stageAdvise your child to be careful not to share any information that may help locate them in the real world, for example, a photograph of a school uniform or street sign.Managing personal images and video postingsThe use and sharing of images and videos has proliferated online, especially on social networking and video-sharing sites. Images and videos can be loaded from cameras and mobile phones. Some mobile devices enable users to upload images and videos directly to social networking sites.It is very important that children and young people consider and c hoose carefully what they share online with friends and the wider community on the Internet, especially as photos can be easily copied and changed.The convenience of mobile phones means it is easy to upload images and videos on the go. Particular care should be taken to think before you post to avoid compromising privacy or safety, for example images from a party or of outrageous or compromising behaviour. If a child is posting photos containing their friends, for example, they should seek their friends permission first.Photos and videos can contain information that on its own may seem innocuous, but when put together with other information such as school details can be used to locate and identify the child.Photos and videos should be appropriate not sexually provocative or explicit so as not to attract unwanted attention from adults who may wish to exploit children and young people.Check the acceptable use policies of social networking and other user-interactive sites. Most sites will remove explicit and inappropriate images when they are brought to their attention.Ask your child whether they are comfortable with the content they are posting being seen by everyone they know and whether it might embarrass them at a later stageManaging comments and postingsMany young people go to great lengths in building their profiles and webpages, so receiving comments from the wider community can be exciting, compelling and is expected.It is important that children and young people understand the need to be responsible in what they post and contribute to other peoples social networking sites think before you post is a good maxim.thither have been some incidents of bullying often among known friends or peers on social networking sites where bullying in the playground has continued and possibly escalated online. The latent to humiliate and harass individuals through comments and by posting images can be extremely hurtful and have a number of unintended consequences, suc h as spreading very quickly to a much big audience online. It is important to set rules with your child about what is OK and not OK to post about anyone known or unknown.

Essay over the electoral college Essay

In the unite States today, we use the electoral College to try who is going to be the next chairwoman. The disposal is non necessarily won by popular vote. The founding fathers opted for the electoral College, because they were afraid of the masses. They cute the president to be chosen by those who are qualified, well informed, and have the mightiness to chose a president more efficiently then the so called mob.Although I believe the electoral College of necessity many changes, it is undeniable in format to have a successful regimen that is fair. Thee main argument against the Electoral College is that the presidency should be won by popular vote alone. It shouldnt be that one candidate could win the popular vote, but meet the preference. At first I completely agreed with this, because we do perish in a democracy, and I believe that a democracy is a government for the people by the people. This would mean that the mass population decides who is the president, non a hand picked group of men to vote on who they wish, because they do not always have to vote on the candidate in which the enunciate has voted the majority on. Although the Electoral College may take away the presidency from the candidate that won the majority vote, it evens things out across the nation.The Electoral College is necessary to make e rattling state important in the voting process. If you did not have the Electoral College, those who were dragning for office would only campaign in the major states, that way they could get the majority of the population. For example the candidate would denote and campaign in New York, especially New York City, because there is such a vast amount of people who live there, so he would try to assure that he had the votes for this city, and majority of the state, and would not have to disturb about Montana. They candidate would then not go to smaller little populated states like Montana, South or North Dakota.He would not worry about the sta tes or cities that had little populations, because are all he needs to worry about is that the majority of the people in the United States vote for him. It would be much easier to win an election by get more people in more populated cities to vote, and not bedevilment about the little populations. This in accompaniment takes away from the idea of a democracy, because it conveys the message that the only thing a presidential candidateneeds to worry about is getting the majority of the votes, and this does not have to be all over the nation, because there are parts of the nation that the population well exceeds other parts.The founding fathers developed the electoral college because they were afraid of what the government would be like if the masses were allowed to determine who they wanted in office. They were sensitive that it would turn into a popularity thing, and that is not what was needed in order to run a government efficiently. Although the population must have a label i n the government, there has to be some form of control, and that was the basis of the Electoral College.I turn over that in order for the Electoral College to be successful, and to mould properly, there has to be some major changes to it. The biggest change needs to be the fact that the electors themselves need to be abolished. I think that it should be assemble up to where the popular vote in the state decides whom the electoral votes from the state go. The majority of the time this is what happens, but it does not have to. If an elector wanted to vote for someone other then that the state allotted popular vote to, they very well could. I do not think that it should be allowed, because by doing that it takes the democracy out of the government, because it is never a certain(prenominal) thing that the populace wish will be carried out. If you want to go even farther you could break it down into governs with in the state. Each district gets one Electoral College vote, and the vo te goes to the candidate in which has the majority of that district.The Electoral College is definitely needed in this country in order for the election process to be fair to all states and thus to all constituents. Although lovable by popular votes sounds like the way to go in a democracy, it is not. If that were the case then there would be no equality among states, and the fact that everybody matters in a democracy would not be. There would be very little concentration on other small or slight populated states, because you could win the election without them.

Cars today Essay

Cars right away are very common besides about 200 long eon ago they were thought to be just some kind of loco invention. The origin of the automobile can be traced back to Europe, but it became a major institute of imparting in the United States. Most European machines were hand do, and they were very expensive so not that some pot could undergo to buy the cars.Nicolas Joseph Cugnot a french military locomotiveer strengthened the first move car or a self propel lead fomite in 1769. One was designed to canalise passengers, while the other was a three- revolveed steam tractor for hauling very heavy artillery.In 1801 and 1803 other inventor Richard Trevithick of the United estate demonstrated four-wheeled steam propelled vehicles to carry passengers. Unfortunately, he lacked the m unrivalledy to continue his work in the United States.In 1805 an inventor named Oliver Evans demonstrated a steam operated dredge, which was mounted on a boat. He built the dredge to deepen a nd clean the Philadelphia waterfront. Evans put wheels on the boat and drove it. This machine weighed about 18 tons.During the 1860s other American inventor Sylvester H. Roper developed a a good deal smaller steam operated vehicle. This vehicle looked similar to present day vehicles. This attracted a bent of public attention and was even displayed in a circus.Steam cars had many disadvantages. In the beginning, it took a very long time for the fire to oestrus the boiler. This was bad because you would have to wait around a long time and by the time it heated up you could have walked to the place you cherished to go. The inventors solved that problem, but many others remained. The steam engines had to be small to be practical for cars, so they had to be high pres sealedd engines to produce the required power. However, such engines cost much to build and maintain.Numerous attempts in the United Kingdom to promote the use and increase of steam cars failed because of the competi tion from railroad and levelcompanies. Early steam cars damaged roads and sometimes even blew up. They to a fault make a terrible noise, dirtied the air, smoked, and frightened horses (which were the main mode of expatriation at the time).In 1865 the Red Flag Law ended encourage development of automobiles in the United Kingdom for about thirty years. downstairs this law the few steam cars could not go any fast-paced than four miles an hour in the country, and two miles per hour in town. as well as to warn of its approach, a signalman had to walk ahead of the vehicle, by swinging a red flag by day and red lantern by night. And the steam powered car gradually disappeared. In 1924, the Stanley brothers (the brothers who made the famous Stanley Steamer Company) company one of the last steam car manufacturers went bankrupt.The galvanizing car was first invented around 1891. William Morrison built the first prospered American electric cars. They were powered by batteries from unde r. The seat they were quiet and faint to operate thus they quickly became popular.But the batteries limited to how far they could go. hardly a(prenominal) electric cars could travel faster than twenty miles per hour and the batteries had to be recharged either 50 miles.The gasoline car the automobile as we k at one time it straight clear up resulted from the development of the inwrought combustion engine Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir a Belgian living in France, patented the first commercially prospering internal combustion engine in 1860. It burned coke oven gas(a gas that was unremarkably employ to heat ovens) and was noisy and inefficient. He still s hoary several(prenominal) hundred engines, which powered printing presses, lathes, and water pumps. He as well installed one in a crude motorcar.In 1885 Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz, two Germans working apiece developed the first successful 4 stroke gasoline engine. Their engines led to the development of the engines used in cars today. many a(prenominal) early European manufacturers move out cars based on Daimlers and Benzs work and patents. In 1891 a French company Panhard et Levassor created a basic designthat remained largely unchanged for nearly 100 years. The firm placed a Daimler engine in to the front of the car and used a revolving chain to air powers into the rear wheels. Most cars had a front engine and rear wheel drive until the mid 1980s when the front wheel drive became popular. A French rubber making firm Michelin, introduced the first tires filled with mingy air for use on cars in 1895 Michelin developed such pneumatic tires under license from a British manufacturer of bicycle tires.Many state believe that the automobile became a practical means of transportation because of, first, the invention of the internal combustion engine and, second the development of the pneumatic tire. The birth of the automobile industry occurred in 1885, the year that Dailmer and Benz built their succe ssful gasoline engines, until 1900 Europe led the world in automobile development and output. Many present day European car companies began in the easy 1800s. For example, Peugeot, a French firm started to make automobiles in 1890. Another French company Renault began producing cars in 1898. Fiat of Italy dates from, 1899. France and Germany became the first large production centers.The Duryea brother, Charles E and J Frank, built the first successful gasoline car in the United States. They drove the car on the pathways of Springfield, Mass, in the years 1893 and 1894. The brothers founded the Duryea aim Company, the first U.S firm.The United States took the lead in car making form Europe because it had a larger potential market. In 1910, the United States creation was 92 million people, compared, with about 65 million people in Germany, 41 million people in Britain, and 34 million people in France. Americans also enjoyed a higher income, and so more of them could afford to buy cars.The discovery of huge oil fields in east Texas in 1901 helped to contribute to the rapid growth of the U.S Auto industry. The discovery caused a sharp drop in the price of gasoline, and plentiful, cheap fuel made cars relatively inexpensive to operate. Another factor aiding the U.S. auto industry was the industry of mass-production techniques to themanufacture of automobiles.Prior to 1900, carmakers had used skilled workers to assemble each automobile, but American manufacturers had been using mass-production techniques since the mid-1800s to make such products as firearms and bring out equipment, and it was inevitable that they would apply this process to car making. Once established, mass production brought the price of U.S. cars down to a level that many people could afford. By the early 1900s, a buyer in the United States could choose among a variety of cars costing less than $1,000, while elegant European models, intimately of which were still handcrafted, sold for mo re than $2,000 in U.S. dollars.ConclusionThe history of cars has been done trial and error mostly and now cars are the most used transportation in the world. What at first was thought to be a just a crazy invention but now it is something virtually everyone in the world has or uses today. Today the cars that we have pollute the environment around us and many people have noticed that and now the electric cars are making a comeback. We are not sure what the upcoming of cars will be like but we will likely make some kind of car that will be exploiter friendly, safe, reliable, and wont pollute the environment.Personal ResponseI like cars a lot and I liked doing a research paper on this. Im surprised that there were so many inventions that were failures had much to do with cars today and that todays cars were based on these old steam cars that were very bad. I hope to see that the cars in the future will be better than the ones that we have that pollute the environment and also one s that are safer. These problems have been partially solved like using electric cars instead of using gas powered cars. And we have antilock brakes to cloture faster but this wont save you if you drive off a cliff. But in the future Im authoritative that we will make some kind of car that doesnt accept tires it will hover above the ground and that way we wont drag over small littleanimals that are everywhere on the street dead.

Hunger in Angola Essay

Hunger in Angola Angola has one of fastest growing economies in the world yet let off suffers from crave. The population of Angola was estimated to be 12,263,596 in 2007. The countries good infant mortality rate (IMR) was 184. 44 deaths per 1,000 live births with IMR for males being 196. 55 deaths per 1,000 live births and for females 171. 72 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2007 (www. geographyiq. com). The emotional state expectancy is humiliated partly because of starvation, unsafe food and water, and a high incidence of deaths from AIDS.The life expectancy of Angolan males was 36. 73 years and for females 38. 57 years in 2007. The total fertility rate was 6. 27 children inborn per woman, which ranks high compared to true countries like the US which had a total fertility rate of 2. 09 children born per woman in 2007 (geographyiq. com). Angola is a developing unsophisticated that depends on acquire half of its food supply from imports and foreign aid (geographyiq. com). Ag riculture still remains the primary method for feeding the countries people.Major barriers that face the country are few roadways for import and export, a corrupt government, drought, and unusable farming due to landmines that were set during the 27 year long Angolan genteel War that ended in 2002. One of the major exports in Angola is oil color and petroleum which contribute to its growing economy, but the countries people see actually little of the revenue due to government corruption. Much of the oil from Angola is exported to industrialize nations like the United States.In this way the countries policies follow the dependency possibleness in which its natural resources are exported to countries that are well off. The country withal supplies other natural resources for export which include diamonds, coffee, sisal, fish and fish products, timber, and cotton. The in advance(p)ization theory would provide a good guideline for reducing hunger in Angola. In this way the count ry could begin to use its natural resources such as oil for export to provide revenues to feed its people. alike commercial farming and agricultural techniques could be taught so that more of the boot agricultural land could be used for mass agriculture. With the use of modern farming techniques the country could become self-sufficient and not depend on foreign aid. However, in Angola a plan to remove landmines would need to be tooled to allow safe farming. The country would also need to implement plans to build roadways in order to see continued growth in their export and import economies.

Foundation Degree (FdSc) in Food Manufacturing Management Essay

IntroductionAudit objectiveswhy Audit?The intentions of this Audit be as followsUsing a treasure GMP type (UNIDO/BRC) assess and quantify the effectiveness of the current timber organisation that is in designate.Recommend, upon check out, strategies for returns that rear end be do to meet, and potenti each(prenominal) told(prenominal)y exceed, the gross clams marginal retail charterments.* Upon completion, entirelyow the business to punctuate attainable deaths and objectives in modulate to drive the business forward. This is in an cogency, employment and legal capability.Company pro loadShetland SeaFish (Hull) limited started trading in 1922 as a specialist manu facturing business of frozen fish harvests. The political party employs 50-60 cater on site and has a total of 80-100 employees prevailing without the group. The group has ternion factories. The early(a) cardinal atomic number 18 involved in primary attending and fish commonwealth in the Sh etland isles. The social club supplies supermarkets, discounters, fish wholesalers, frozen provender distri merelyors and nourishment assist companies. The important market is the UK only if the high society likewise has a flyspeck export trade. Shetland SeaFish (Hull) limited has apply a tightly gibeled remains of practicable procedures including a fully documented HACCP frame and quality manual.Business milieuThe solid regimen industry is star on a lower alkali pressure. The seek industry in particular is an celestial sphere with its give birth particular tasks which wealthy person a grade continue on this partnership as fish is its primary in the alto tranceher snaperial.Over the leaper(prenominal) few years, environmental concern over lessen fish courses has contributed to incrementd governmental interdiction to manage fishing quotas. Although this whitethorn be the case for the national fishing industry, the world wide full stop (up until re cently) has been on a steady rise. This smart set sources raw material from worldwide locals (Particularly the Asiatic atomic number 18as such as China and S force outdinavian Seas) so the impact has been minimal.The way in which the confederation sources fish may change in the future tense, as internet auctions ar on the augment, and this devotes the market much of a volatile entity as prices brook fluctuate as thus farts affect fishing procurement.The different main problem with the pabulum industry is the strength of the major(ip) multiples over the manufacturers. The major supermarkets to whom most fodder manufacturers add together, intention to maintain a constant gross profit margin which is typic anyy quite great(p). To consider this, the multiples like to pass down on- be to the suppliers. Offers such as bargain maven, get one free atomic number 18 fuelled by the manufacturer, and come straight from their back end concern. By running a BOGOF offer, it i s affectively selling the w atomic number 18 at half the unit price for the duration of the offer. wizard supermarket that this company has dealt with excessively deducts (on their own accord) a set price to go towards advertising and marketing. For example, a minus of 10,000 cleverness be deducted from an invoice to them for yield, with the reasoning being that even if that touchstone is non being used to directly promote that particular product, except by advertising the stores in general, the change magnitude number of nodes flowing through the store, should they say, amplification sales to the companys product. This deduction from the invoice is enforce by the supermarket, and because you do non know how often they atomic number 18 departure to do this, it makes costing for business much than difficult.Combine this with the fact that at every price freshen up by the supermarket buyers, they demand uplifteder(prenominal) quality products, for a reduction in u nit price, depresses margins lower than ever.The margin depression brings with it a set of problems. Because a company has to reduce its costs to meet the price points per units, so as to maintain the business with the supermarket, it makes it for a business to remain as profitable as what it would like to be.A minuscular margin means that a company does non project the same join of free capital unattached to it to make unavoidable re- ratements which would suspensor to procure more sales and increase throughput. In class four of the overview, a particularized hear of this is converseed in sexual relation to an OEE study on one of the factories lines. there be some(prenominal)(prenominal) technological resolutions accessible which if buyd would go a long way to increase productivity. unfortunately in that respect be several monetary constraints which place barriers to the procurement of these technological melioratements. A brief discussion of Chicken and Egg barriers is briefly explained in class four of the overview.The problem lies in the fact that if a tender scrap of equipment is necessitateed to continue, or to improve end product, hence the company does not comport enough liquid capital available to be able to purchase it outright. This means that the company would go to investigate borrowing facilities.The problem with this is that the company would like to maintain a secured amount of business from one of, or a combination of customers, in order to suck up on the lay on the line of borrowing large amounts of money. The reason for this is that a company has to account for a vengeance period into their costing to wrap up borrowing and interest as well as machine depreciation.With soonened product placement tenures, the secure of continued business for this period is not there, checking the business from wanting to take a stake of this magnitude. Eventu each(prenominal)y a company has to bite the pot and take a j eopardy in order to increase disorder and throughput.Smaller margins as well as mean that there may not be enough of an increase in net profits to cover round requirements. Each year there is a general lag idea to discuss the edges of wages and conditions. If the company is reduced in its profit capacity, thusly this trend is often relayed onto the conveyforce.f the company has diminished available finances consequently money is not realizable to give staffs the one-year increase in wages or to be able to invest in communal facilities.This has a knock on effect on staff morale and motivation if the annual increase is postponed or if it has to be ceasecelled. It manifests itself in close to unmarrieds in a revenge motivation mentality. As the several(prenominal)ists feel aggrieved because the company cannon comply with what the workers feel is a rudimentary right, wherefore they may coveting to get back at the company.At best this may just be by reducing their amo unt and quality of work, therefore their loyalty is affected. At worst, it could be resignation, dissention or even any(prenominal) form of industrial sabotage.Without the increase in wages rate it alike lessens the difference in the midst of that and what the government sets as the national tokenish wage. This poses a problem in relation to retaining, and gaining new employees.At one point, working in a mill used to extract a premium, but over fourth dimension that has decreased to the point to where wage levels mingled with shop workers and factory workers argon almost the same.With the current work ethos among new employees (particularly young people) the dilemma of where would I like to work arises. Either a ( commonly) smelly, transform work form, hard work inducing factory, or a shop, where they can go straight out from without having to go home for a shower and change, is less hard work and usually has a set nine until five work pattern. For the same, or similar, wa ge, most people come out to want to work in a shop.This displays a distinct turn from employment trends from primary or secondary employment to a legal age of employment in the tertiary, or services, sector.If a company has a high moment-over of staff, then generally the quality of staffs decreases. This may then affect work output and efficiencies.One way that this can be combated is though an increase in staff information. This not only acts to some(prenominal) increase staff quality, but it as well cooperates to improve the mortals clientele satisfaction. This is through change magnitude competency, increased knowledge (i.e. do an individual more multi-skilled) and the feeling that they ar not in a dead-end job.In the industry sector to which this company falls, there is an increased amount of governmental grants available for staff genteelness programmes.Within this factory, all of the employees of head start tier level have all been through NVQ level 2 training in nutrient hygienics and manipulation. Production executive programs have watchd entreeal training to NVQ level three in this subject bea. on that point is in like manner a range of other courses that are being studied that are part funded, or reimbursed by, governmental policies.It is bring in that there are some relatively easy ways to increase the cleverness and line throughputs of takings. Unfortunately limiting factors come into play to inhibit potential growth as long as margins are squeezed vitiateder and smaller.This is a self perpetuating cycle. If leted to make a little bit more profit then this can be channelled back into the business to increase production efficiency and general turnover making the business more successful.Legal Issues at that place is a complex mine field of regulation that comes into play when dealing with a food unit operation. There is a whole plethora of acts and regulations which help to control the food industry which helps to comfort the consumer from dubious practices and ensure that the final product that is consumed is of the expected substance, nature and quality demanded.There are several levels of mandate* Acts, which are statutes passed down by parliament.* Regulations which are do under unique(predicate) acts* E.C. directives which are passed down from the E.E.C.The fodder preventive enforcement officers have various enforcement powers which enable them to ensure that all of the legislation is coiffely adhered to. These can be servicing notices, sampling and seizing foodstuffs, and withal to instigate criminal proceedings if an of get by is do.The main legislation touching this business are to be listed as following feed sentry go Act, 1990This act is in relation to the sale of food for homosexual use of goods and services and is applicable to all food premises.This act makes it an offence to* Render food noisome to wellness* Sale or possession of food injurious to health, or tha t is unfit for, or is contaminated.* Sale of food that is not of the correct nature, substance and quality demanded by the consumer.* Give any false or misleading descriptions.The Food expound (Registration) Regulations, 1991 (SI no. 2825) amend 1997This regulation requires all food premises to register with the local, or port authority, in the area that they are dictated. Every registration authority must keep a register, which can be accessed by the public for inspection.Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) Regulation, 1995 (SI. No. 1763)This act digests general requirements for all food handlers and premises (with special requirements for preparation areas, moveable and temp. premises, transport, equipment and the like) to be unplowed blame, facilitate change, and prevent the accruement of dirt. It also specifies a requirement for all food premises to find out all step in the business that is censorious to food refuge, and to downplay these run a hazards.The Food Sa fety (Temperature Controls) Regulations, 1995 (SI. No. 2200)This determines any matter involving a risk to food safety, in relation to the nature of the food, manner in which it is handled and packed, and processes and conditions under which it has been displayed or stored. No person should keep food that is likely to substantiate the growth of pathogenic bacteria or the solicitation of their toxins.Products of Animal crease (Import and Export) Regulations, 1996These regulations govern the origins of animal foodstuffs from countries outside the EEC. Since 1993, foodstuffs imported from other members of the EEC are not liable for inspection callable to the open border policy, but they are still subject to the Food Safety Act 1990.Food Labelling Regulations 1996 (SI. No. 1499)These require most foodstuffs that are to be interchange for human consumption be labelled with* The note of the food.* List of ingredients (Quantifying ingredients mentioned in the name of the food).* Best in the lead dates, which indicate minimum durability or function ability of the food in relation to microbial or product degradation beyond being fit for human consumption.* Any particular proposition storage conditions requisite.* Name and address of the manufacturerThe Quick-Frozen Foodstuffs Regulations, 1990 (SI. No. 2615) amended 1994Food that has undergone quick-freezing (i.e. whereby the zone of maximum crystallization as fastly as possible) should be labelled as such. It must be suitably incase so as to protect it from microbial and other contamination and also to protect from de-hydration.Must be labelled with* BBE* remembering requirements including temps.* Batch deferred payment* A clear message not to refreeze after defrosting.There are also some specific legislation relating to food drunkenness ordinary health (Control of Disease) Act 1994The national wellness (Infectious Diseases) Regulations, 1988 (SI. No. 1546)National health Service (Amendment) Act 1986T he National Health Service (Food Premises) Regulations, 1987 (SI. No. 18)The Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS)These pieces of legislation relate to reports of incidences of food poisoning and food borne illness. It empowers officers to investigate food premises on the basis of risk to increased infection, and to chance on the source of food poisoning illnesses.Separate to food related issues there are also a number of other pieces of legislation that apply to most businesses. These areHealth & SafetyThe Health and Safety at turn over Act 1974The Control of Substances inferous to Health Regulations, 1994 (SI. No. 3246)The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulation, 1985 (SI. No. 2023)The Electricity at clip Regulations, 1989 (SI. No. 635)The wariness of Health and Safety at Work Regulations, 1992 (SI. No. 2051)The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations, 1992 (SI. No. 3004)The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations, 1992 (SI. No. 2966)The Manual Handling Operations Regulations, 1992 (SI. No. 2793)All of these laws are in relation to keeping equipment in good order provide all PPE, also in good order, and to report all accidents and health check problems caused by/ at work.There are some new environmental legislation in relation to exorbitance water and effluent, and also the temper change levy.There are also waste land take up laws (After B.S.E. and Foot and Mouth no food wastes can be however processed into animal feeds)It is clear that there are a smoke of laws that help to keep the consumer, and employees safe, two in relation to food safety and in-person safety. In order to comply with all of these laws, and check with the companys compliance to these, the office of fair trading and the environmental health office analyse the factory on a regular basis. partition2 chance on FindingsSummations on Audit checklistsSection by function reviewHACCP SystemThe company has a very flesh out and s paciotemporal HACCP arranging following the Codex principles and based on risk judicial decision for each product type.The latest revision is June 2002. The HACCP documentation includes Introduction (Intro, team, product description, intended use, flow diagram, and verification of flow, controls and hazards), subroutine flow (product, production process), Hazards, Hazard abbreviation and Hygiene controls.The site technical manager who is qualified in advance food hygiene leads the HACCP team. The other HACCP team members include the production manager, financial director, business consultant, Q.A. executive program and H&S officer. They have all received training in HACCP principles.Eight CCPs have been place and clearly marked near the site. These include R.M. intake, band saw room, product storage, packaging storage, coatings, sauce making, sauce buggies, sauce deposition and metal detection.Shetland SeaFish (in union with Cravenglow consultant limited) has produced a h and record for employees entitled Understanding HACCP and the British retail Consortium Quality Award. This book was issued to all staff before going through their first successful BRC audit, and is issued to new staff during induction. The handbook explains HACCP terms and working practices, details the eight CCPs, How to control potential Hazards, How HACCP works, variant types of Hazard, other pregnant HACCP information and an introduction to the BRC standardQuality Management SystemThe site operations/quality manual has been fully implemented and indexed in the latest revision (Revision 4 October 2002) to the BRC technical standard mutation three.Policies and procedures referenced to the HACCP manual and currently cover all of the identified critical controls.Each working area has its own handbook that includes some or all of the followingFactory refreshingup procedurestechnical foul termsKey staffSafe working practicesFactory proceduresQA procedures applicable to the area .A specifications file maintained by the company has a programme of internal audits that cover the entire quality system twice per year.The handling of complaints is the responsibility of the Technical manager. Complaints are referenced individually, by customer, and complaint type. Corrective actions arising from complaints are recorded.An pass supplier list is in operation, deliveries assessed at intake, and supplier writ of execution reviewed quarterly. One of the key findings of this audit has been that although the supplier audit plans clearly defined and fixed out, it has not been adhered to. This collects rectifying by the time of the next audit.Factory environmental StandardsThe factory is well located just off the main street into Hull, and has a logical process flow.The physical bodyings are well constructed. Walls panelled with false pileus and smooth concrete adorns.Equipment is industry standard and is be well maintained. There is a mean maintenance system admi nistered by a well-resourced engine room department.Staff changing facilities are provided by decompose storage of work wear and personnel wear with staff locker rooms situated well away from production. Work clothing situated in changing facilities on the entrance to the production facility.A dedicated night hygiene crew operate a comprehensive cleaning programme, verified employ bioluminescence adenosine triphosphate swabs. This form of sound judgement is under utilised. By conducting more swabs, a more indicative trend analysis can be compiled. This system could also be extended to incorporate hand swabbing, so as to gauge the effectiveness of the staffs hand wash drawing.A comprehensive pest control contract is in place with Rentokil and no infestation reported. The only addition to this regime would be to aver receive tray analysis. This is not through with(p) at salute, although Rentokil have been asked to provide a quote for the service. The reason that catch tray a nalysis is so weighty is that various power species of insect may help to put a particular problem within the factory. other alternative is that the accountant is a qualified entomologist. The suggestion has been do that they complete the catch tray analysis on behalf of the company.Transport and waste removal are both contracted out services.Product ControlThere is a product development procedure detailing the process steps and documentation held for customer driven development work. Development work is mainly restricted to crumbs, batters and sauces and as such, the suppliers of these materials carry out a lot of the work.Product is analysed on line hourly by trained QC staffExternal chemical and microbiological analyses are carried out at a UKAS real external laboratory. The result turn around is typically ten solar days. There is an investigating into the possibility of deliverance the microbiological testing into a feasible in-house solution. The testing procedures pref erred are the rapid methods that are now available on the market. These allow for rapid calculation and identification in unprecedented speeds compared to traditional plating methods. Because of the simplicity of the tests, it reduces the degrees of phantasm that might be entertained in old style methods, and also it helps to simplify the lab quality manual. All of these rapid methods are AOAC accredited methods and are thus suitable for ISO 17025 standards, which is a pre-requisite for the accreditation edicts stated for BRC compliance.Products coded to allow standard rotation, and on-site stock levels kept to a minimum. The cold store has the capacity for virtually 600 pallets, which are on a mobile racking system. metal detection is carried out on all products at 3.5mm non-fe and 3.5mm fe. Legislation is on the way to incorporate testing exploitation S. Steel rods as well, development the same sensitivity levels.Product is released based on on-line QC testing. A non-conform ance procedure is used to prevent the despatch of non-conforming product and its restriction to quarantine.Process ControlControl of sauce cooking and processing is closely monitored by QC and thermographs are in place to verify sauce cooking profiles.QC also regularly verifies process parameters and freezer temperatures. Continuous quantity control monitor equipment is in place on the coated fish line.Check-weigh systems are fine-tune at the start of each day following a detailed calibration procedure.Hourly QC checks and daily taste panels verify process parameters and specifications requirements have been fulfilled and all measuring equipment is calibrated at appropriated frequencies.A small amount of kosher product is processed on site and the tar processing and despatch of kosher materials is closely monitored.PersonnelStaffs trained to NVQ levels 1 and 2 in hygiene and safe product handling by external consultants. Plans are in place to introduce an in-house training scheme. The Q.A. supervisor holds a CIEH certificate of Advanced Food Hygiene. once they complete the CIEH superior trainers certificate, it will allow them to train new staffs, and re-iterate to current, canonic food hygiene and H&S.Hygiene rules are also available in the staff handbook, given at induction.Induction includes hygiene and H&S requirements, clear drill procedures including a tour of the facility (highlighting emergency exits), company objectives and the review of the individuals accountability level.Staff and visitors complete a basic medical questionnaire before move into the factory.Protective clothing provided and laundered by let based in Hull and only specialising in laundering of food industry clothing.Supervisory staff and line drawing cards trained to NVQ levels 3. flesh out training records are in place, but not review on a frequent basis.Section3Improvement strategyRecommendations on enhancementWhy did it fail? What can be done?The boilers suit result of th is audit is promising. The main sections that are in emergency of avail are the cleaning and management systems.With regards to the cleaning controls one of the biggest deficiencies is that there were no daily cleaning logs in place at the time of the audit. These are necessary to verify that all of the pieces of equipment that has been used during the course of the production shift have been cleaned effectively. This should also incorporate a list of equipment that needs each week or monthly cleaning, similar to the engineers protective maintenance system.Provisions are in place to indicate cleaning frequency, but by corporate trust this with a daily cleaning log a system of records can be obtained to help with any Due Diligence defences that might need to be called into play. The preventative step to reduce the microbial and soil piles within the factory are the cleaning dockets, but the due applications programme defence are the daily logs. These are a record check that th e schedule has been implemented, and also provides accountability of who conducted the particular action that might be in question. It also helps the management team to assess the manning levels required for a particular cleaning regime.By combining these logs with an effective utilisation of the Lightning ATP hygiene verification system it would be possible to more accurately monitor the effectiveness of the cleaning systems that are in place. At present the unit is not used at levels that are going to supply the monitoring team with a set of results that are statistically significant. By increasing the levels of testing with the unit, a better picture of cleanliness levels can be obtained by using the trend analysis software to scrutinize past results and to predict problems that might occur in the future.This system could also be extended to apply to incorporate hand washing checks. This could be done on a random set of checks throughout the week. It might be possible to correlat e this to the expected and actual bacterial soap purpose rates to see if there is a relationship. This might be an tautological way to monitor the effectiveness of the staff in the own personal hygiene in relation to hand washing.The engineers need to keep an armoury of parts as a repair is carried out so that all pieces are accounted for upon completion so as to eliminate the possible physiologic contamination problem, or at least to nominate if there is one.A number of hose hollos were observed around the factory, liberally strewn on the floor. This is not bad GMP it also creates an impression of untidiness and not caring for not only visitors, but also to other staff. Perhaps the buying or some hose reel storage units. If these hoses were kept on one of these units, it would automatically reel in and is then kept neatly on the wall, off the floor and out of the way of people walking around the factory.During the course of the audit the food waste skip was left open. This le aves the entrance open to many potential problems. The first is that it has a potential to attract pests. By leaving the skip doors open is may provides a food source for advantageous vermin.It was observed that there were some birds on the fence which might have been attracted by the residue surrounding the skip. To eliminate this problem construction of a reaching handle for the skip door should be made.By keeping the skip door closed it prevents vermin from entering the skip to scavenge for food. With the skip door closed, thus stopping pests from gaining a free food store, the area around the skip must be kept clear also otherwise keeping the door closed is a futile effort.This area not only needs to be swept, but also cleaned down with a detergent to emulsify the butterball residue left from the batter scraps. This would also help to make the area safer for the employees as it would make the area left prone to causing slippages, and this is specially important as there is a small set of steps out there.There is no provision for persons to wash their hands upon re-entering the factory after going to the food skip. There person would have to go to the basins outside the packaging area. A small basin or alcohol station should be installed to prevent this.The main body of the factory was in very good condition. There were a few incidences that need to be rectified in order to improve the grade.Around the sauce making area, the ceiling tiles higher up them had some signs of mould growth. This is an indication that the ventilation is possibly inadequate for that area. Some form of steam ancestry unit might need to be investigated in that area. In the short term, regular cleaning with a sterilizer (with some form of mould growth inhibitor) would suffice, but this would only deal with the symptoms, and not deal with the route cause.The sauce agitators in this area are in need of recovering. The motors on the agitators have some small areas of headstone f laking from them. Even though the paint is blue in colour, it provides a potential physical contamination problem. This needs to be tackled in several ways.The first and easiest to do is to recover the motors. The motors can be cover with a stainless steel covering which would prevent both paint flakes falling into the sauce, but also dirt accumulation on the motor. other method is to use an alternative agitator motor. There are several on the market, and several of these are not mounted directly above the sauce making kettles.There are also some other methods for sauce production, that if increased production were to be required, then they should defiantly be investigated.Another area in the factory that could benefit from additional extraction/ventilation is directly surrounding the coating line. When the fryer is producing breaded products, then the first stage crumb, which is a fine crumb, causes a lot of dust to be blown in the air. This causes excessive dust accumulation on th e pipe works above the fryer line. This needs additional cleaning to extract the dust in this area. Perhaps a form of extraction system should be investigated in this area.As a minor point, there was also a small pool of water surrounding the con-air compressor units. This implies that the floor does not bevel in the right direction. Again this is a pip that has a long term objective, but also has a short term measure.The long term goal is to re-lay the floor in that area to make the floor deliver in the right direction (i.e. from the wall to the drain). The short term solution is to have the freshs regularly squeegee the floor of water.Standing water is a particular problem in that it provides brilliant breeding ground for Listeria spp. Bacteria. Listeria is a food borne bacteria that is naturally order in the environment. By providing pools of standing water, it magnifies the problem and opens the potential for increased incidences of Listeria monocytogenes poisoning.It is a strange practice that although there are manager and team leader coming upons on a regular basis, there were no supervisor meetings held. This is a gross deficiency, not for GMP, but for the lack of communicational strokes that are lose from these meetings.By conducting these meetings a dialogue can be maintained between the higher levels of management and the junior levels. During these sessions company objectives can be relayed, problems considered, and grievances examined.It is also an excellent opportunity to provide motivation to the staff and to keep them apprised of important happenings within the company, such as potential sales, production turnover, NPD and the direction of the company. These meeting should be implemented effectively immediately. If not in their own right, then try combining the team leader meetings. This may pose a problem with truthful communication if the team leaders feel stamp down by the presence of the supervisors, especially if they have any gri evances with them.The omission of the supervisor meetings exacerbates the next point. That is the cross communication of ideas and cultivations between departments. This point is discussed in more detail in the second overview of the audit.The job descriptions that are in place for the key positions within the factory are deficient in the totality. I would suggest a review of these be taken with the specific aim to include the individuals main duties and responsibilities, full accountability, and any health and safety requirements that are obligatory to know.By providing a comprehensive description it helps the individual to happen upon their own progress against what is expected of them. It would also help to identify any training needs by comparing what the individuals actual abilities to what is take for that position. During an appraisal a gauge of competency can be made against the standard and a measure of feedback can be relayed to the person.This also ties into the fact t hat no records are kept of personal record reviews. These need to be conducted on a regular occasion, and if they are being conducted at the moment, then they need to be recorded.There are some clear objectives that have been identified and now need to be applied and rectified to improve the factory as a whole.Section4ConclusionsOverview of progression stratagems whole tone by step guide twist and Fabric* Hand washing basin/ alcohol station to be installed by exit to food skip.* Foods skip needs to be looked at and a handle constructed to enable the lid to be closed.* Sauce kettles needs to be looked at for possible installation of extraction units.* Sauce agitator motors needs to be cover to prevent paint flaking into product.* Hose pipes to be placed into self reeling units.* syndicate of water needs investigating around con-air units. Floor needs re-laying in that area.* Dust accumulation above fryer area. Additional extraction needed. plague prevention* Pallet shed door needs t o be kept closed. Pallets stored away from walls in storage.* Some drain covers missing and needs replacing.* keep an eye on tray analysis needs to be done. cleanup spot systems* Daily cleaning logs introduced.* Engineers memorial of parts during a repair to prevent contamination.* Effective utilisation, and expansion, of ATP hygiene monitoring system.Management Controls* Introduction of supervisor meetings.* Additional training to accoutrement and increase knowledge of GMP systems, Food hygiene and legislation.* look backward of job descriptions.* picture employee appraisals.Section5ReferencesBackground / however reading.Including bibliographyHygiene for Management, Sprenger. R. A. 1998 (8th Ed)Cleaning, Dillion M, et al fervencyal Supervisor, Shaw J. 1999FdSc Food manufacture management GMP Course work notes, Dillion M. 2002Log book&OverviewsOverviewsPart 1 Basic findings from two sections of the manual.Section 1 Structure and FabricationThe factory has a logical process fl ow and the buildings are of sound construction. All internal factory wall surfaces are panelled with a lowered false ceiling and smooth resin floors. Equipment is industrial food grade standard and appears to be well maintained. A preventative planned maintenance system is in operation and resourced by a fitting engineering department. The work wear is situated in a separate clean changing area immediate on entrance to the production area. The pest control is out-sourced to Rentokil (initial services) with no signs of infestation problems to report.OBS 1 The floor is made of an impervious material and when combinations of two immiscible liquids (such as oil and water) mix, it causes some sections of the floor around the fryer area are slippery.Recommendation Review the cleaning schedule for this area to include a protocol stating that the floor in that area is to be cleaned as often as required throughout the production day, in addition to the usual scheduled cleans. Another sugge stion would be to use a floor covering/mat to make the area more non-slip.Timescale 30daysOBS 2 There was a small pool of standing water around the con-air units during production.Recommendation The long-term goal would be to re-lay/repair that section of floor to provide an adequate slope to provide water run-off into the drainage channels. activeness to be taken place in the mean while would be to revise the cleaning schedule to include that the area is to be cleared as often as required throughout the production day.Timescale 90 daysOBS 3 There was no steam extraction above the sauce making kettles large(p) rise to N/C1.N/C1 Evidence was noted by reflexion and noted, audit checklist ref GMP Section 1 -ref 1.8.2, that there was the beginnings of mould build up on the ceiling tiles above the sauce kettles.Recommendation ask the possible methods of fume extraction best suited to the needs of the task. thinkable installation of an extractor cowling. Action that can be introdu ced quickly is that a revision of the cleaning schedule to include weekly/fortnightly/ or as required cleaning to be undertaken in that area using a detergent with mould growth inhibitor.Timescale 90daysSection 2 Storage FacilitiesStorage or R.M, WIP, finished goods, packaging and tainting elements are well unintegrated with observed codes of practice to prevent cross contamination. Products are coded to allow stock rotation on a FIFO basis and the stock levels that are kept on site are kept to a minimum. There are no contractual off-site storage facilities used. Products are released on the basis of on-line QC testing. Procedures are in place regarding damaged or spotive goods segregation and disposal.OBS 1 Only visual checks are made of the contracted out logistics companys vehicles.Recommendation Revise an audit schedule to visit their head office so as to not only audit the vehicles used for the transportation of goods, but also to review the company policies and procedures regarding GMP practices.Timescale 90daysPart 2 Area to improve.The area of greatest need is management control, especially in relation to motivation of staffs and inter-departmental communication. A highly motivated workforce can increase the potential output efficiency greatly, without the need for costly capital cost.Poor communication is the catalyst for future problemsJohn Shaw, Business consultantThe vast majority of problems within the employment arise due to the lack of or inadequate communication between colleagues.All members of the organisation must develop their verbal and written skills to allow for ease of dialogue between the two parties. Regular dialogue is meaty for the pooling together of ideas and suggestions that helps to minimise problems and help to extend to the company objectives.Employees must be able to interpret management edicts and be able to pass on these instructions to other staffs clearly and concisely in order to achieve peak performance.One opi nion that might be made is that the companys impersonal uses of memos are substituting important meetings that would be held to discuss some of the key issues. By conducting regular meetings to open up a dialogue for discussion, it would help to eliminate any confusion that might have arisen because of their own interpretation of what is trying to be hard-pressed in the communiqu.By opening a dialogue between colleagues, it helps to make them feel a part of the team because they are being consulted and being offered to stress their opinions and grievances. During the meetings, it lets the individual know exactly what is being expected of them to do, with little chance for error. Once the individual knows the parameters in which they are expected to perform, and then the individual has some attainable guidelines on how to conduct him or herself around the workplace.Being made part of a team is one essential tool in the motivation of staffs. By including their opinions within any deb ate, it helps to raise that persons self-esteem. Once a person begins to become motivated, it often leads to greater job satisfaction.Job satisfaction is a combination of hard work and competence. Employees who radiate self-exaltation in their work are an infectious source of inspiration to others. This can be seen again in persons whom take personal pride and lead by example.Motivation is a key component to in advance(p) businesses. Staffs should take every opportunity to motivate others constantly. One way to supercharge your staff is to let them know what is required of them by defining the days objectives.Use of praise and encouragement inspire maximum performance from an individual from a few choice words or phrases.Where an individual or team needs berating if they have made a mistake, remain calm and resolve the problem through constructive criticism. This is where the situation is given an explanation of what went wrong, gentle words to re-enforce the need that it does n ot re-occur, and gives further guidance on how it can be avoided in the future. It is imperative that if it is an individual involved, then take them to one side to discipline them. This way you are not undermining them and therefore their personal dignity is maintained.Another critical instruction is not to overreact to minor problems. Destructive and unwarranted criticism is harmful to morale and can easily sweep across a work force.It is also a good idea to be receptive to conjectural grievances that they might have and suggestions that they might make.Motivation encourages individuals and teams to continually achieve the companys goals through sustained peak performance.Part 3 Cleaning and the LawCleaning plays a fundamental part of food hygiene. It is pivotal in preventing contamination of both microbiological and chemical, but it also helps to make the indicator signs of pest infestation easier to spot.All cleaning comprises of four factors* Heat* mechanically skillful energ y* Chemical energy* Contact timeCleaning is usually a five stage process (although not exclusively).1) Pre-clean2) Main clean3) Rinse4) Disinfect5) Final rinse6) DryingThe relative energy and time components of a cleaning programme can differ greatly. This is all dependants on the load of soil age, the chemical properties of the cleaning agent, and the surface to be cleaned. Staffs should receive clear concise instruction on how to correctly conduct the cleaning schedule.The chemicals used within this factory are as followsChemicalActionFatsolve bedwetter degreasing detergentBleachHypochlorite based disinfectantSparkleSurfactant degreasing detergentAcid foamAcidic de-scalerCaustic floor spick-and-spanAlkaline (NaOH) floor cleanerCaustic pearlsAlkaline (NaOH) fryer cleanerTego 2001Biocidal disinfectant/detergent combinationAll staffs that will be handling these products for use in hygiene must receive full training and monitored for competency and efficiency. All of these products m ust comply with the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 to protect the employee whom is to be using these chemicals.This Act states specific legislation to includeThe Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regs, 1994 (SI. 1994 No. 3246) (COSHH)These regulations require employers to assess the hazards and provide suitable controls. Implementation is by means of risk assessment. COSHH is concerned with chemicals that can be classified as toxic, harmful, corrosive or irritant.All of the products used within the body of the factory are supplied with all COSHH safety sheets and are filed in the technical department. Each of these products is mentioned in the company HACCP plan to include the risk assessment of these products.Chemicals (Hazards, Information & Packaging) Regs, 1993 (CHIP)Again, this states that all chemicals sold must be supplied with a COSHH safety sheet provided for the purchaser by the supplier. This must include detailed information about the product, its hazard mis cellany under CHIP regulations. It is also prohibited to decant harmful chemicals into overlooked containers.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) at work Regs, 1992These regulations enforce the employer to provide all necessary PPE required for a specific task so as to minimise the health and safety risks that the employees might be subjected to.There are several good reasons why effective cleaning is so important besides those mentioned earlier* It creates a good visual impression for both workers and visitors alike giving a sense that the business cares.* Helps to maximise the efficiency and costing of several types of products. For example, if a sauce is left to build up deposits, then it would restrict the diameter of the pipe work, making the motor have to run harder to pump product through, thus reducing the lifetime of that component. Its also helps to reduce wastege* Legal agreements.It is that final point which needs further explaining.The food safety Act, 1990This law make s it an offence to contaminate food so that it would be unreasonable to expect it to be used for human consumption in its current state. It also states that a food possessor and staffs must identify all steps that are critical to food safety and minimise those risks.This is further backed up by theFood Safety (GFH) Regs, 1995This states* Premises must be kept clean, designed to facilitate cleaning, and to protect against the accumulation of dirt.* Make it a requirement for all food business proprietors to identify any step in activities of the business which is critical to food safety, and to introduce restrictive controls at those points identified.This law allows an enforcement officer to raise a non-conformance on the actual presence of dirt, and does not have to prove that that soilage poses a risk to healthThere is a clear legal and moral obligation that wherever there is a risk to food, a business proprietor must ensure that the working premises are kept clean so as to minimi se the risks to public health. These responsibilities must be stressed to all employees not only in their induction period, but also sporadically throughout their employment.Part 4 PEST in relation to OEEDuring the course of this audit, an OEE analysis was conducted on one of the production lines (See OEE exercise workbook). The aim of GMP is to improve the manufacturing performance, and by using OEE calculations it is possible to gain a quantitative index of performance. Using the precepts behind GMP it is possible to identify areas that could benefit from improvement so as to improve production performance.The identification of the seven wastes which are the non-value added and also the value added sections of a production period are vital. It is the main objective to reduce the first, and increase the latter.With regards to the production run that was studied several strategies can be entertained to help to minimise waste due to the above mentioned wastes. Firstly, fish cakes ar e products that produce only small amounts of waste due to the fact that defects can often be re-worked during the same production run. Defect cores can be removed from the line by operatives and then deposited back in the koppens former to be re-moulded into another cake.Reducing the throughput can often help reduce the rejects levels. Running at just a few strokes under the maximum for the line might make it more cost effective to reduce the throughput by a minimal amount in order to dramatically decrease the amount of reject product. By doing this the right first time figure could increase to raise overall production efficiency.If speed is the overriding factor, i.e. the faster the speed, the higher the defect rate, then just by reducing the stroke rate of the machine, the amount of over-processing required would be reduced. If however speed were not the decisive factor, then an investigation of the machines capabilities would have to be reviewed, and if it cannot be removed, th en do you accept this defect level caused by the machine, or do you evaluate the possibility of purchasing a more efficient piece of kit?With regards to the machine that is in place, the Koppens former is approximately 10-15yrs old and forms cakes by using hydraulic cups and a forming plate. Over the years the maximum output of the machine has dropped by approximately 25% from the max of 40s/m to now 30s/m.Would it be better to buy a new piece of kit. Perhaps the purchasing an AEW forming machine? Unfortunately these are costly pieces of kit. Costing in the range of 250K. This is a large prohibiting factor in an SME of the size of the company in question, with their limited financial resources. In order to justify a capital expenditure of that magnitude, a significant order would have to be procured to allow for the required payback period to make it a cost effective purchase.It is almost moaner and egg scenario. With a new piece of machinery of this nature the potential for increa sed throughput of not only this line, but also of others would rise significantly, but monies or orders to cover payback periods would have to be secured before capital expenditure is considered.It is a difficult political climate with retail customers at present. more than and more of the major multiples only issue contracts for periods of usually a year (although there has recently been a downward trend to decrease these to six-spot monthly). So a guarantee off continued business is not certain, which prohibits the purchase of the new machinery.The small margins also affect the staff efficiency and retention (thus quality). Because margins are tight, only a small amount on the top of national minimum wage can be applied. This can limit not only the response to job advertisements, but also with staff retention and loyalty. With a higher staff turnover, the quality of staffs diligent often reduces, thus affecting the throughputs and efficiencies of the lines.This interplay of fac tors is what has to be investigated further upon before resolutions can be found. Identification is just the first step in an overall improvement plan.Appendix 1Summary SheetsGMP Audit Material enclose in this booklet are copies of the audit checklists that you can use to audit your site against each element of GMP.You should aim to audit 2 elements of the standard each week and use the techniques discussed in week 1 on problem solving to objectively assess each element of the standard.If you wish to discuss any elements in more detail then touch one of the tutors on the course who will be able to help you clarify any problems or issues that you may have.IMPORTANTYou will need to copy the food safety and hygiene audit assessment form each week, as you will need to use this to summarize for each assignment.Using the Sample Assessment Forms for the 10 sections of Good Manufacturing Practice identify1. Areas of Strength and Weakness for the GMP sections for your own plant or operation , using the checklists provided.2. The causes of problems which are inherent with the areas of weakness3. The barriers and aids which will effect the improvement process4. Prioritise the actions needed to improve your Good Manufacturing Practice needs, using the assessment forms, which should be included within your weekly assignment.A grading system has been given on each checklist. You may use this grading system to help you to assess your factory, but feel free to modify this. If you do modify the system then you should explain, quite clearly, how the grading or win system is used.Key to the ABCD grading system for assessing the sections and elements of the GMP standardGrade A Excellent Scores 50 points. Grade A scored when there are no safety problems or issues. Requires no further action.Grade B Satisfactory Scores 30 points. Actionable within defined timescale as agreed at audit.Grade C Major Scores 10 points. Actionable within one working week.Grade D small Scores 0 points. A Grade D is automatically awarded when a critical safety issue is identified, and is actionable immediately.